tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-50874825725181470942024-02-20T20:56:09.754-08:00Thoughts CollectorThe Project Managers Toolbox.
Methods, Techniques and Tools for Project Managers and Project Management.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03752968423721899487noreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5087482572518147094.post-73918894365604050402011-09-28T00:50:00.000-07:002011-09-28T00:50:42.162-07:00The Robustness PrincipleIn August number of <i>Communications of the ACM</i>, ther is an interesting article by Eric Allman, <i>sendmail</i> author, in wich he presentes the limits for Robustenss Principle in implementing standards and the future problem it poses oin evolution of those standards.<br />
I don't want to quibble about principle's limits but I'm intersted in the powerful of the principle applyed in other context.<br />
The Robustness Principle ([2]) states that:<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">"be conservative in what you do, </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">be liberal in what you accept from others."</span></div>
<br />
How powerful is that statement!<br />
<br />
Here are one example in developing a new piece of software: developer must be conservative in using other modules and libraries strictly following the rules but can be liberal for example accepting parameters and treating them with default values instead returning errors (and documenting it of course!);<br />
<br />
how much better would be our lives if everyone follow the rules but be tollerant (in some limits) with others!<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]. The Robustness Principle Reconsidered, Eric Allman, <a href="http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2011/8/114933-the-robustness-principle-reconsidered/fulltext">http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2011/8/114933-the-robustness-principle-reconsidered/fulltext</a><br />
[2]. Transmission Control Protocol, RFC793, Par 2.10, <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc793.html">http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc793.html</a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03752968423721899487noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5087482572518147094.post-75698518643374115442011-09-25T01:52:00.000-07:002011-10-01T10:06:25.630-07:00Software Estimation Tools: downloadIn a previous <a href="http://thoughtoogle-en.blogspot.com/2011/08/software-quotation.html">post</a> on software estimation I introduced some methods for software quotation such as Function Points and Use Case Point.<br />
<br />
Now I published a practical tool that you can use to estimate software cost. It's an Excel sheet that contains three sections:<br />
<br />
1) Use Case Point (UCP) estimation<br />
2) Architecture estimation that guides you throught identifing some common layers of a software architecture<br />
3) A resource estimation developed in time to calculate team mix.<br />
<br />
Try to conduct independent estimates (three different people) for each section. <br />
<br />
<br />
At following link you can download my tool: <a href="http://www.divshare.com/download/15845660-67d" title="software quotation ucp tool download">download software quotation template</a><br />
<br />
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03752968423721899487noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5087482572518147094.post-27094965429534274022011-08-12T05:55:00.000-07:002011-08-18T13:53:25.501-07:00How to create a free social project management environment using Facebook<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLTRYYNJv9d2OGjxQrkwTdIAjgkluHGmr0AwYKN_33JCkO-SsUdvsxewa1TCRVnBY0kz-WrXV2R8nRL7Ff5rPYyazEWTQeGKnMEw7WD3550OOfZuDsXDDcgCrhf1ZO_RJ6NEM3j5-6BIA/s1600/Crea+Gruppo-en.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLTRYYNJv9d2OGjxQrkwTdIAjgkluHGmr0AwYKN_33JCkO-SsUdvsxewa1TCRVnBY0kz-WrXV2R8nRL7Ff5rPYyazEWTQeGKnMEw7WD3550OOfZuDsXDDcgCrhf1ZO_RJ6NEM3j5-6BIA/s320/Crea+Gruppo-en.gif" width="148" /></a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="border-collapse: separate; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Will ever happen to coordinate in a rush for a small initiative, perhaps in a short time and with the need to include some people? What happens is a big waste of time just to agree on thinks to do and maybe with no planning and with the risk of forgetting important details. Morover if working group is physically distant things get even more complicated between confused phone calls and cross communications. The Result? Initiative is successful anyway, but we get tired, we lost a lot of time and we have surely forgotten something important! I'm not just talking about work projects but also in real life: for example, organize a party, write a book or an article or organize a trip with friends and have little time and lots to do! The anser to all problems is <b>Social Project Management</b>: with the help of Facebook and online tools you can organize small projects using online tools accessible from their mobile devices and completely free.</span></span></div><br />
<div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">I considered the following characteristics in choosing the right tools for Social Project Management:</span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">1. Use of online tools </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">2. Use of the tools on mobile devices </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">3. Ability to share the use of instruments with friends </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">4. No cost </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">5. No registration tools but use of a single email and password to work<br />
Here are the steps:</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"> </span></span></div></div><br />
<div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">1. <b>Create a group on Facebook</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"><b> </b>It's possible to create following groups: open, closed or secret. In open groups, everyone can see group members and read all posts; in the second case you can only see members groupbut not read the posts and in the third case the group is visible to members only. There is the possibility of creating a fan page if you want to make the project fully open and receive the help of all friends.What type of group created depends on the type of project: If you arrange for a vacation might be nice to show everyone the project and maybe get the contribution of others who have had the same experiences. Or if you project is top secret you can choose the latter group.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"><br />
2. <b>Add friends to the group</b>. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">It can be done during or after creation of the group as shown in the image below.</span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"><br />
</span></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="color: black; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEhOao8eMc6hW9Bo3QkgwXo7F4ae-5ezym9_G6zWLOB3anfsMlXtr-3RIeK_MzeeLyv0A5rLRYPYzRtdTrB-rSb3xxFYZLZidvKTtT9okOsfcNSrfZp01bhEXps5HinuKuOVKJnh6OM2g/s1600/AddFrinds-en.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEhOao8eMc6hW9Bo3QkgwXo7F4ae-5ezym9_G6zWLOB3anfsMlXtr-3RIeK_MzeeLyv0A5rLRYPYzRtdTrB-rSb3xxFYZLZidvKTtT9okOsfcNSrfZp01bhEXps5HinuKuOVKJnh6OM2g/s400/AddFrinds-en.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Adding a friend to the group</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">3. <b>Brainstorm and plan the solution. </b> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">Before leaving the solution you need to discuss and plan activities, gathering around a virtual table. To guide the discussion is important to focus on the following questions:<br />
* <i>What</i>? What you want from the project i.e. what are the objectives: complete relaxation? exploration? culinary vacation?</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">* <i>How</i>? How will you achieve your goals? Organize car tour? Book a holiday resort all inclusive? Making the tour on foot or by public transport alone?</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">* <i>Who</i> and <i>When</i>? After you decide to do the things you also must determine who does what and then distribute the tasks with a clear date to completion.</span></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnAGOAPq5K40_SCe1lRM78CSWx7JnrdsMCnCe4zYcMUPFNFVLXprgeOzuNAUL4xO4RXxgI-ZfYU0gHdjA0C56Eh7Z0Id6vSGZAVnniPYTzqzbexj_L-sxYvqoh14prmPo0EeLirWNx2Ho/s1600/VideoFacebook.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnAGOAPq5K40_SCe1lRM78CSWx7JnrdsMCnCe4zYcMUPFNFVLXprgeOzuNAUL4xO4RXxgI-ZfYU0gHdjA0C56Eh7Z0Id6vSGZAVnniPYTzqzbexj_L-sxYvqoh14prmPo0EeLirWNx2Ho/s320/VideoFacebook.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The annunced videoconference in chat window</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"><span style="border-collapse: separate; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="text-align: justify;">To carry on brainstorming I reccomend the use of videoconference software like Skype and a <i>mind mapping</i> software named <b style="font-style: normal;">Mindmeister</b>. For videoconference </span></span>at the moment it's possible to use Facebook with with version Skype v. 5.5 to meet friends and share with them voice and video. Also Facebook annunced that will integrate videocall in chat window. </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"> </span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"></span></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="color: black; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB8OZA5gN3TGM42KGeFnkZwnXf6tfl8UprXydxMKx1GbpZQWUd552yIH7z4IRyCZCvNvLmRB5HXRcR2gcjKsdxilJ5ZGPcKo8ZCcDK_mBRt5zlpAO_C38LaJH6r1kcKprdVhewiJpQi1E/s1600/MindMeister.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB8OZA5gN3TGM42KGeFnkZwnXf6tfl8UprXydxMKx1GbpZQWUd552yIH7z4IRyCZCvNvLmRB5HXRcR2gcjKsdxilJ5ZGPcKo8ZCcDK_mBRt5zlpAO_C38LaJH6r1kcKprdVhewiJpQi1E/s640/MindMeister.gif" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Using Mindmeister to plan the projects</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"> While for mind mapping <a href="http://www.mindmeister.com/" title="Mindmeister">Mindmeister</a> that allows you to collaborate online with your friends building mind mapping diagrams. It is also possible to schedule and assign tasks for which it is the ideal tool to start. Unfortunately Mindmeister is not integrated into Facebook but you can authenticate using your google email without registering to the service.<br />
As you can see from the picture above, MindMeister allows you to use different icons and colors but also has the ability to assign tasks. The tool uses iCal to publish list of activities for which you can import calendars from their well to MindMeister (Only in premium version though), in addition to sending the e-mail notification prior to the completion of the activity.</span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"> </span></span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="color: black; float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5pWcB95SNvGTL9IDn33fDdJRcSyuABqG3yMhPJAcv-aXqjWyCfXo1kESSW1TKSWPHUalSVasf22jmb1t8-QWsM766QkK6pAd9OxfwT2L14jgKXLAoqW0vT-esGfDPumTKpufSzs19xuA/s1600/Docs.GIF" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="103" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5pWcB95SNvGTL9IDn33fDdJRcSyuABqG3yMhPJAcv-aXqjWyCfXo1kESSW1TKSWPHUalSVasf22jmb1t8-QWsM766QkK6pAd9OxfwT2L14jgKXLAoqW0vT-esGfDPumTKpufSzs19xuA/s320/Docs.GIF" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sharing online docs</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">4. <b>Share documents</b> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">In three simple steps we started a project. Now remains only to understand how to share documents in a common place. If we do not have documents locally but we want to create new ones in a collaborative way we can use the service <a href="http://www.docs.com/" title="Sharing documents">Docs.Com</a> that allows to create on-line Office documents and also permits to download them locally: Doc, Excel and Power Point. After we cretaed a document it's possible to share it in Facebook using a simple URL. User can sets different permissions to different users.<br />
If the document to share isn't a Doc, Excel, Power Point, then you can use the cloud-sharing service DivShare, which provides free 5Gb of space. DivShare also doesn'r requires a registration if you want to use your Fabcebook login.<br />
<span lang="en">We've done! With four simple steps we have put together a project, share ideas, plans and documents. All that remains is to work using this little Social Project Management plaform!</span></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt0LvgaolGjTmft6JLh9EOxxKcWXDRmwKe2N3Q5HsvlxqDGRhJ6fAj3E7ZaSjm1L99YMkpuFUa-zkHhUTUoy8D2EdhlSyOCr2C2Sr0wVlh_5MKdo1xr0ZpF0nn8HmZrixi5qU83rGzQvw/s1600/All.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt0LvgaolGjTmft6JLh9EOxxKcWXDRmwKe2N3Q5HsvlxqDGRhJ6fAj3E7ZaSjm1L99YMkpuFUa-zkHhUTUoy8D2EdhlSyOCr2C2Sr0wVlh_5MKdo1xr0ZpF0nn8HmZrixi5qU83rGzQvw/s400/All.png" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en"><br />
</span></span></div><div id="gmBFtt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(168, 236, 255) ! important; border-radius: 5px 5px 5px 5px ! important; border: 1px solid black ! important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) ! important; display: inline ! important; font-family: arial ! important; font-size: 12px ! important; font-weight: normal ! important; height: auto ! important; left: 275px ! important; line-height: normal ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 2px ! important; position: absolute ! important; text-align: left ! important; top: 2076px ! important; vertical-align: middle ! important; visibility: visible ! important; width: auto; z-index: 1410065406 ! important;"><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(168, 236, 255) ! important; border-bottom: 1px dotted black ! important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) ! important; font-family: arial ! important; font-size: 12px ! important; font-weight: normal ! important; line-height: normal ! important; padding-bottom: 2px ! important; padding-top: 2px ! 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important; display: none ! important;"><input id="bfeditField" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(168, 236, 255) ! important; border: 0pt none ! important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) ! important; font-family: arial ! important; font-size: 12px ! important; font-weight: normal ! important; line-height: normal ! important; margin: 1px ! important; vertical-align: middle ! important;" /></div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(168, 236, 255) ! important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) ! important; font-family: arial ! important; font-size: 12px ! important; font-weight: normal ! important; line-height: normal ! important; vertical-align: middle ! important; width: auto;"> con</div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03752968423721899487noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5087482572518147094.post-71700946762489901052011-08-08T23:45:00.000-07:002011-09-25T02:02:21.343-07:00Software Quotation<div style="color: black;">
<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;" title="Introduzione">Introduction </span></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;" title="Introduzione"> </span></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Quotidianamente, migliaia di project manager e sviluppatori di tutto il mondo sono alle prese con un rompicapo ben più difficile del Sudoku.">Every day, thousands of project managers and developers from around the world are grappling with a far more difficult Sudoku puzzles. </span><span title="Essi sono chiamati da clienti impazienti a fornire una valutazione in termini economici dello sviluppo di una nuova applicazione o della evoluzione di una parte di essa.">They are called by clients eager to provide an economic assessment for developement of a new application or its evolution. </span><span style="background-color: white;" title="Generalmente i tempi sono stretti e alla fine il numero partorito viene preso come legge e utilizzato nella catena di autorizzazioni (il capo del capo ecc) come sempre più un numero definitivo.">Generally, time is tight and eventually the magic number is taken as "the true" and used in the chain of permissions (boss, the booss of the boss, etc.) as more of a definitive number. </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="La realtà dietro a queste azioni è purtroppo fatta di parecchie incertezze e spesse volte quel numero magico non si avvicina nemmeno lontanamente alla realtà.">The reality behind these actions is unfortunately made of several uncertainties and often they arevery far from reality. </span><span title="Per esempio dopo aver effettuato la stima il Project Manager si ritrova già con i primi cambiamenti e durante i primi incontri con gli utenti finali si capisce che il sistema da realizzare è csicuramente diverso da quello che si immaginava prima delle stime.">For example, after estimating, Project Manager found that new application will be very far from the first estimated. </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Nel corso del tempo la "scienza dei calcolatori" ha sviluppato una serie di metodologie di stima dei progetti, che presenterò brevemente in questo post, a dimostrazione dello sforzo di tanti nel dare una struttura a questa arte.">Over time, the "computer science" has developed a series of methodologies for estimating projects, I will present briefly in this post, showing a lot of effort in giving a structure to this art. </span><span title="Personalmente posso dire che fra tutti i metodi utilizzati preferisco utilizzare quello degli Use Case Points (UCP) a cui ho apportato una modifica che tende a renderlo meno aleatorio e permette di calcolare non solo i giorni/uomo ma anche il costo stimato del progetto.">Personally I can say that of all the methods used to prefer to use the Use Case Points (UCP) that I made a change that tends to make it less random and allows to estimate not only the man / days but also the estimated cost of the project. </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Personalmente posso dire che fra tutti i metodi utilizzati preferisco utilizzare quello degli Use Case Points (UCP) a cui ho apportato una modifica che tende a renderlo meno aleatorio e permette di calcolare non solo i giorni/uomo ma anche il costo stimato del progetto."> </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Personalmente posso dire che fra tutti i metodi utilizzati preferisco utilizzare quello degli Use Case Points (UCP) a cui ho apportato una modifica che tende a renderlo meno aleatorio e permette di calcolare non solo i giorni/uomo ma anche il costo stimato del progetto."> </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Modelli di Stima"><b>Estimation Models</b> </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Modelli di Stima"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="E' meglio prima di tutto sottolineare una cosa: la stima è la valutazione più probabile dello sforzo profuso nello sviluppo di un determinato sistema software (tralasciamo i costi per ora).">It's better to emphasize one thing above all: an estimation (or software quotation) is the most likelyhood evaluation of the effort made to develop a particular software system (omit the costs for now). </span><span title="La stima rappresenta quindi un modello e quindi una rappresentazione della realtà che non sarà mai la realtà stessa.">The estimate represents a model and then a representation of reality that will never be reality itself. </span><span title="La mia conclusione personale è stata quindi quella di prendere in considerazione un modello di stima, quello che più si avvicina alle realtà che gestisco cercando di adattarlo in base ai feedback ricevuti alla fine dei progetti.">My personal conclusion was, therefore, to consider an estimation model, the one that comes closest to reality that I manage trying to adapt it according to feedback received at the end of projects. </span><span title="Lo scopo di questo post non è quello di dare dei consigli in quanto la strada va trovata in base alla propria organizzazione, ma di fornire una carrellata sui metodi più conosciuti cercando di fornire la bibliografia necessaira per poter scegliere da soli.">The purpose of this post is not to give a lesson or the formula for the perfect estimation, beacuse you have to find it in your organization, but to provide an overview on the most popular methods of trying to provide a bibliography to choose for yourself. </span></span></span></div>
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<b><span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Lines Of Code - LOC ovvero linee di codice">Lines of Code - LOC or lines of code </span></span></span></b></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="E' stato il primo sforzo per rendere scientifico l'approccio alla misurazione del software e si basa sul computo del numero di linee di codice che compongono il software.">It was the first effort to make the scientific approach to measuring software and is based on counting of the number of lines of code that make up the software. </span><span title="Chiaramente è una misura che si può raccogliere solo a prodotto finito oppure utilizzata prima dello sviluppo ma in seguito alla stimo di qualche altro tipo di effort (per es. Function Point).">Clearly it is a measure that can be collected only at the finished product, or used before the development but after the estimation of some other type of effort (eg. Function Point) with some productivity indexes. </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Cosa dobbiamo includere nel calcolo delle linee di codice?">What should be included in the LOC estimation? </span><span title="Esistono una serie di indicazioni che il Software Engineering Institute (SEI) ha rilasciato attraverso una cecklist e in cui vengono indicate le parti da conteggiare e quelle da escludere [1].">There are a number of indications that the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) issued through a cecklist and indicating which parts to be counted and those to be excluded [1]. C</span><span title="Il calcolo produce le DLOC (Delivered LOC) che sono le linee di codice utili al dimensionamento del software e quindi al calcolo dell'effort.">omputation produces DLOC (Delivered LOC) lines of code that are useful for the sizing of the software and then estimation of effort. </span><span title="Computando invece tutte le linee di codice (compresi per es. dichiarazioni e commenti) si ottiene invece il SLOC (Source LOC).">Instead of DLOC it is possible to compute SLOC</span></span></span><span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Computando invece tutte le linee di codice (compresi per es. dichiarazioni e commenti) si ottiene invece il SLOC (Source LOC).">(Source LOC) that computes</span></span></span><span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Computando invece tutte le linee di codice (compresi per es. dichiarazioni e commenti) si ottiene invece il SLOC (Source LOC)."> all lines of code (including eg. Statements and comments). </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="E' possibile convertire le LOC in effort mediante l'applicazione di indici di produttività che però sono legati all'organizzazione che rilascia i progetti per cui, in base alla propria esperienza pregressa potremmo avere un indice di produttività (IP) di 160 DLOC al giorno">It is possible to convert the LOC in the effort through the application of productivity indices (but they are linked to the organization issuing the projects). For example, based on itsprior experience, organization may have a productivity index (PI) of 160 DLOC per man day </span><span title="uomo e quindi calcolare l'effort: Effort (in gg/uu) = DLOC/IP.">and then calculate the effort: <span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">Effort (in days / uu) = DLOC / PI</span>. </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Se non si dispone di indici di produttività si può utilizzare una stima parametrica derivata anch'essa da progetti pregressi di altre organizzazioni e introdotta da Boehm nel 1981 ([2]).">If you do not have productivity indexes you can also use a parameter estimation derived from previous projects of other organizations and introduced by Boehm in 1981 ([2]). </span><span title="Essa è la Basic COCOMO e si basa sul tipo di organizzazione di progetto:">It is the Basic COCOMO and is based on the type of project organization: </span></span></span></div>
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<li><span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Organic Project: progetti con piccoli team, requisiti stabili e tecnologie conosciute, pressione temporale bassa."><i>Organic Project</i>: projects with small teams, requirements and technologies known stable, low time pressure. </span></span></span><span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Semi-detached: progetti con team medi, requisiti variabili e pressione temporale anche se non rappresenta un vincolo"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Semi-detached: progetti con team medi, requisiti variabili e pressione temporale anche se non rappresenta un vincolo"><i>Semi-detached</i>: projects with average teams, changing requirements, and time pressure, even if not a constraint</span></span></span></li>
<li><span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Embedded: grandi team, requisiti sconosciuti o con grande variabilità, forte pressione temporale e la data di rilascio rappresenta un vincolo, ambienti complessi con hardware complesso e tecnologie sconosciute."><i>Embedded</i>: large teams, requirements or unknown variability, strong time pressure and the release date is a constraint, complex environments with complex hardware and unknown technologies. </span></span></span></li>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Nel Basico COCOMO il calcolo dell'effort è il seguente:">Basic COCOMO effort estimation is as follows: </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Nel Basico COCOMO il calcolo dell'effort è il seguente:"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;" title="Effort Applied (E) = a * (SLOC)^b [mesi uomo]">Applied Effort (E) = a * (SLOC) ^ b [man-months]</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;" title="Development Time (D) = c * E ^ [mesi]">Development time (D) = E ^ c * [months] </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;" title="People required (P) = E / D [persone]">People required (P) = E / D [people] </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="People required (P) = E / D [persone]"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="dove:">where: </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="dove:"> </span><span title="c = 2.5 e">c = 2.5 and </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="c = 2.5 e"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="c = 2.5 e"> </span></span></span></div>
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</span></td><td style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">a</span></td><td style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">b</span></td><td style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">d</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">Organic</span></td><td style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">2.4</span></td><td style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">1.05</span></td><td style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">0.38</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">Semi-detached</span></td><td style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top"><span style="border-collapse: separate; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">3.0 </span></td><td style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">1.12</span></td><td style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">0.35</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">Embedded</span></td><td style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top"><span style="border-collapse: separate; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">3.6</span></td><td style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">1.20</span></td><td style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">0.32</span></td></tr>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Embedded 3.6 1.20 0.32"> After Basic COCOMO, </span></span></span><span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Boehm ha introdotto poi il modello Intermediate COCOMO che utilizza 15 parametri di stima e il COCOMO II che rappresenta un modello completo di stima sganciato dall'uso delle LOC ma utilizza gli elementi di progettazione del software.">Boehm introduced Intermediate COCOMO model using 15 parameters estimation and then COCOMO II that represents a complete model that non uses LOC but design elements to evaluate the complexity and thus the effort.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Boehm ha introdotto poi il modello Intermediate COCOMO che utilizza 15 parametri di stima e il COCOMO II che rappresenta un modello completo di stima sganciato dall'uso delle LOC ma utilizza gli elementi di progettazione del software."> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><span title="COCOMO II">COCOMO II</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Il COnstructive COst MOdel II è un modello di stima incrementale che può essere utilizzato nelle diverse fasi del ciclo di vita del software fornendo di volta in volta stime più precise."> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Il COnstructive COst MOdel II è un modello di stima incrementale che può essere utilizzato nelle diverse fasi del ciclo di vita del software fornendo di volta in volta stime più precise.">The Constructive Cost Model II is an incremental estimation model that can be used at different stages of the life cycle of software from time to time by providing more accurate estimates.</span> <span title="Le fasi in cui è possibile effettuare la stima sono:">The phases in which it is possible to estimate are:</span></span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Applications Composition.">Applications Composition.</span> <span title="E' la stima che interviene durante la fase di prototipizzazione e quindi a monte del progetto.">And 'the esteem that occurs during the phase of prototyping and therefore upstream of the project.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Early Design.">Early Design.</span> <span title="E' la stima che interviene durante la fase di startup del progetto e prende in considerazione fattori di complessità (o cost drivers) quali il linguaggio da utilizzare, gli skills del tersonale impiegato, la complessità del prodotto ecc.">And 'the esteem that occurs during the startup phase of the project and takes into account factors of complexity (or cost drivers) to use such language, the skills of tersonale used, the complexity of the product, etc..</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Post-architecture.">Post-architecture.</span> <span title="Si utilizza durantye lo sviluppo del progetto o addirittura in fase di manutenzione dello stesso.">Duranty using the project's development or even during system maintenance.</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Le ultime due stime impiegano il concetto di Function Point per calcolare gli effort.">The last two estimates using the concept of Function Points to estimate the effort.</span> <span title="Per una descrizione dettagliata del modello COCOMOII si rimanda a [3].">For a detailed description of the model COCOMO II see [3].</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Function Points (FP)">Function Points (FP)</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Una misura della complessità del software alternativa all'effort è sicuramente quella legata ai Function Points che ha largo seguito in grandi istituzioni a tal punto che esiste un'organizzazione IFPUG - International Function Point User Group - che regola ufficialmente le attività legate ai FP e che">A measure of software complexity all'effort alternative is surely Function Points (FP), which has a large following in big institutions. There is an organization, IFPUG - International Function Point User Group - which officially regulates activities related to FP and</span> <span title="pubblica regolarmente il Function Point Counting Practices Manual che rappresenta la metodologia di calcolo ufficiale [4].">maintains the Function Point Counting Practices Manual which is the official method of Function Point estimation [4].</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Il concetto alla base della Function Point Analysis (FPA) è quello di scomporre il sistema da sviluppare in componenti elementari che possono essere facilmente censite e classificate in diverse tipologie.">The basic concept of Function Point Analysis (FPA) is to decompose the system to develop in smaller components which can be easily counted and classified into different types.</span> <span title="Il computo di tutti questi mattoncini elementari e la relativa classificazione determina la complessità del singolo componente e quindi del sistema nel suo complesso.">The counting of all these building blocks and their classification determines the complexity of each component, and then the system as a whole.</span> <span title="La FPA può essere impiegata nelle prime fasi del progetto per la stima complessiva dello stesso ma ha più efficacia quando si basa sui requisiti e quindi sulla relativa documentazione.">The FPA can be used early in the project for the overall estimate of the same but is more effective when based on the requirements and then on the relevant documentation.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Vediamo quali sono i componenti da individuare nel sistema ma prima di tutto è necessario determinare i confini del sistema da analizzare, per cui è necessario stabilire quali funzioni rientrano nel sistema e quali invece sono erogate da sistemi esterni.">Let's see what are the components to locate in the system, but first you must determine the boundaries of the system to be analyzed: it is necessary to determine what are functions within the system and instead which are provided by external systems.</span> <span title="Una volta determinato il confine (boundary) si possono identificare i seguenti componenti:">Once you have determined the boundary (boundary) one can identify the following components:</span></span></div>
<ul style="color: black;">
<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Data Function">Data Function</span></span></b></li>
<li style="display: inline; list-style-type: none;"><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="o ILF."><b>ILF</b>.</span> <span title="Internal Logical File: raggruppamento logico di dati mantenuto all'interno del confine applicativo che ha lo scopo di memorizzare informazioni a supporto di processi elementari (es. cliente, utente, fattura, ecc.)">Internal Logical Files: logical grouping of data maintained within the application boundary that is designed to store information in support of elementary processes (eg customer, user, invoice, etc..)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="o EIF."><b>EIF</b>.</span> <span title="External Interface File: sono strutture logiche di dati provenienti da sistemi esterni.">External Interface Files: are logical structures of data from external systems.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="External Interface File: sono strutture logiche di dati provenienti da sistemi esterni."> </span></span></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Transazionali">Transactional</span></span></b></li>
<li style="display: inline; list-style-type: none;"><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="o EI."><b>EI</b>.</span> <span title="External Input.">External Input.</span> <span title="Transazioni elementari necessarie al mantenimento delle strutture logiche legate agli ILF">Elementary transactions necessary for the maintenance of logical structures related to the ILF</span></span> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="o EO."> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="o EO."><b>EO</b>.</span> <span title="External Output.">External Output.</span> <span title="Transazioni elementari che fanno fluire informazioni dall'interno del sistema verso l'esterno.">Elementary transactions that are flowing information from within the system to the outside.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="o EQ."><b>EQ</b>.</span> <span title="External Inquiries.">External Inquiries.</span> <span title="Transazioni elementari necessarie a selezionare dati e visualizzarli all'utente finale.">Elementary transactions necessary to select data and display it to the end user.</span> <span title="I dati possono provenire ed essere aggregati da più ILF e EI">Data can be aggregated and come from more ILF, EI</span></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="color: black;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="I dati possono provenire ed essere aggregati da più ILF e EI"> </span><span title="Ci sono poi dei calcoli accessori da effettuare per ognuna delle caratteristiche precedenti:">There are also some other characteristics needed to perform Function Point estimation for each of the previous features:</span></span></div>
<ul style="color: black;">
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* RET."><b>RET</b>.</span> <span title="Record Element Type.">Record Element Type.</span> <span title="Sono sottogruppi legati ad un ILF o EIF.">Subgroups are linked to an ILF or EIF.</span> <span title="Per esempio il dato logico fornitore può avere collegati dei RET indirizzo, telefono, ecc.">For example, given the logical supplier may have connected the RET address, phone, etc..</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* DET."><b>DET</b>.</span> <span title="Data Element Type: sono i tipi di dati elementari utilizzati all'interno di un ILF e EIF">Data Element Type: elementary data types are used within an ILF and EIF</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* FTR."><b>FTR</b>.</span> <span title="File Type Reference: numero di ILF o EIF legate ad una particolare transazione">File Type Reference: ILF or EIF number tied to a particular transaction</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Vediamo ora come calcolare il valore in FP della nostra applicazione.">Now let's see how to compute the value of our application in FP.</span> <span title="Tale valore viene chiamato Unadjusted Function Point (UFP) in quanto non prende in considerazione le caratteristiche generali dell'applicazione.">This value is called the Unadjusted Function Point (UFP) as it does not take into account the general characteristics of the application.</span> <span title="Tali caratteristiche, dette GSC, verranno introdotte successivamente.">These features, called GSC, will be introduced later.</span></span></div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Veniamo al calcolo del UFP: per ognuna delle caratteristiche elencate va calcolata la complessità in termini di bassa, media, alta (Low, Afvg, High) in base al numero di RET e DET e FTR calcolati per ogni caratteristica:">We come to the estimation of UFP: for each of the features listed should be estimated in terms of the low, medium, high (low, Afvg, High) </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Veniamo al calcolo del UFP: per ognuna delle caratteristiche elencate va calcolata la complessità in termini di bassa, media, alta (Low, Afvg, High) in base al numero di RET e DET e FTR calcolati per ogni caratteristica:">complexity </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Veniamo al calcolo del UFP: per ognuna delle caratteristiche elencate va calcolata la complessità in termini di bassa, media, alta (Low, Afvg, High) in base al numero di RET e DET e FTR calcolati per ogni caratteristica:">based on the number of RET and DET and FTR calculated for each feature:</span></span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="color: black;"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="top"><span style="border-collapse: separate; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="text-align: justify;">for ILF and EIF:</span></span><br />
<table style="text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"><th><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span></th><th colspan="3"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">DETs</span></th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">RETs</span></td><th><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">1-19</span></th><th><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">20-50</span></th><th><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">>50</span></th></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#eeeeee"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Low</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Low</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Avg</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#eeeeee"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2-5</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Low</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Avg</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">High</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#eeeeee"><span style="font-size: x-small;">>5</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Avg</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">High</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">High</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td><td valign="top"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="border-collapse: separate; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">for EI:</span></div>
<div>
<table style="text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"><th><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></th><th colspan="3"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">DETs</span></th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"><th><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">FTRs</span></th><th><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">1-4</span></th><th><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">5-15</span></th><th><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">>15</span></th></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#eeeeee"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><2</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Low</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Low</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Avg</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#eeeeee"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Low</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Avg</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">High</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#eeeeee"><span style="font-size: x-small;">>2</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Avg</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">High</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">High</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</td><td valign="top"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="border-collapse: separate; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">for EO and EQ:</span></div>
<div>
<table style="text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"><th><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span></th><th colspan="3"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">DETs</span></th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"><th><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">FTRs</span></th><th><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">1-5</span></th><th><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">6-19</span></th><th><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">>19</span></th></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#eeeeee"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><2</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Low</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Low</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Avg</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#eeeeee"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2-3</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Low</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Avg</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">High</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#eeeeee"><span style="font-size: x-small;">>3</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Avg</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">High</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">High</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="color: black;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Quindi si calcola quante caratteristiche rientrano nelle classi Low, Avg, High e per ognuna di esse vengono calcolati i function point secondo la tabella che segue:">Then we have to compute how many features are in classes Low, Avg, High, and for each function points are calculated according to the following table:</span></span></div>
<table border="1" style="color: black;"><tbody>
<tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></td><th colspan="3"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Complexity</span></th><th><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Total</span></th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"><th><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Source</span></th><th><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Low</span></th><th><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Avg</span></th><th><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">High</span></th><th><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></th></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#eeeeee"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ILF - Internal Logic File</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> _ * 7 = _</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> _ * 10 = _</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> _ * 15 = _</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#eeeeee"><span style="font-size: x-small;">EIF - External Interface Files</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> _ * 5 = _</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> _ * 7 = _</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> _ * 10 = _</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#eeeeee"><span style="font-size: x-small;">EI - External Inputs</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> _ * 3 = _</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> _ * 4 = _</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> _ * 6 = _</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#eeeeee"><span style="font-size: x-small;">EO - External Output</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> _ * 4 = _</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> _ * 5 = _</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> _ * 7 = _</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#eeeeee"><span style="font-size: x-small;">EQ - External Queries</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> _ * 3 = _</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> _ * 4 = _</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> _ * 6 = _</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="color: black;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="La somma totale di tutti i function point per ognuna delle caratteristiche ILF, EIF, EI, EO ed EQ rappresentano, come detto, gli UFP Unadjusted Function Points.">Thus each computed ILF with low complexcity has a value 7 of function points, ILF of tupe Avg 19 function points and each ILF with high complexity 15 function points. The sum total of all function points for each of the ILF, EIF, EI, EO and EQ are, as mentioned above, UFP Unadjusted Function Points.</span></span></div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="In aggiunta ai precedenti componenti elementari di calcolo la Function Point Analysis considera una serie di fattori di complessità legati in generale al sistema da sviluppare.">In addition to the previous estimation, Function Point Analysis considers a number of factors in general complexity of the system to be developed.</span> <span title="Sono 14 e precisamente:">There are 14, namely:</span></span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
</div>
<ul style="color: black;">
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Data communications."><i>Data communications</i>.</span> <span title="Complessità generale, valutata da 0 a 5, del trasferimento delle informazioni: 0 batch processing, 5 applicazione con front-end e diversi protocolli di trasferimento utilizzati">Overall complexity, evaluated from 0 to 5, the transfer of information: 0 batch processing, 5 application with front-end and different transfer protocols used</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Distributed Data Processing."><i>Distributed Data Processing</i>.</span> <span title="Complessità legata alla distribuzione della elaborazione dei dati: 0 nessuna distribuzione, 5 i dati soino raccolti e processati in differenti moduli e/o sistemi esterni">Complexity of the distribution of data processing: 0, no distribution, soin 5 data collected and processed in different modules and / or external systems</span></span> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Performance.">Performance.</span> <span title="Livelli di performance e responsività richiesti al sistema: 0 nessun requisito di performance, 5 i tempi di risposta sono critici e sono richieste attività di performance analysis e impiego di tool di monitoraggio">Required levels of performance and responsiveness to the system: 0 no performance requirement, 5 response times are critical and required business performance analysis and use of monitoring tools</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Heavily Used Configuration."><i>Heavily Used Configuration</i>.</span> <span title="Grado di dipendenza dal tipo di hardware ad utilizzare: 0 nessuna specificità, 5 allocazione di parti di hardware per specifici moduli dell'applicazione.">Degree of dependence on the type of hardware used: 0 no specificity, 5 allocation for specific pieces of hardware modules.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Transaction Rate."><i>Transaction Rate</i>.</span> <span title="Frequenza di esecuzione delle transazioni: 0 bassa, 5 molto alta">Frequency of execution of transactions: low 0, 5 very high</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* On-line data entry."><i>On-line data entry</i>.</span> <span title="Quale percentuale di transazioni richiede interazione con l'utente finale: 0 tutto in bacth mode, 5 più del 30% delle transazioni sono interattive">What percentage of the transaction requires interaction with the end user: 0 bacth everything in fashion, 5 more than 30% of transactions are interactive</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* End-user efficiency."><i>End-user efficiency</i>.</span> <span title="Grado di interattività del sistema.">Degree of interactivity of the system.</span> <span title="Esiste una tabella con 16 macro-caratteristiche dell'interfaccia utente e viene richiesto di valutare quali e quante di queste 16 caratteristiche sono necessarie al sistema finale.">There is a table with 16 macro-user interface and is required to assess which and how many of these 16 characteristics are necessary for the final system.</span> <span title="Il valore va da 0 - nessuna - a 5 - sei o più delle caratteristiche.">The value ranging from 0 - none - to 5 - six or more of the features.</span> <span title="Le sedici caratteristiche sono ad es.: uso di menu, scrolling, help online, pop-up, supporto multilingue, ecc.">The sixteen characteristics are, for example.: Use of menus, scrolling, online help, pop-ups, multilingual support, etc..</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* On-line update."><i>On-line update</i>.</span> <span title="Quanti ILF sono gestiti e aggiornati da transazioni interative (on-line): 0 nessuno, 5 la maggioranza degli ILF e in aggiounta si richiedono politiche di recovery automatico dei dati.">How many ILF transactions are managed and maintained by interaction (online): 0 none, 5, the majority of the ILF and will require policies aggiounta automatic recovery of data.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Complex processing."><i>Complex processing</i>.</span> <span title="Gradi di complessità dei calcoli matematici richiesti all'applicazione.">Degrees of complexity of the mathematical calculations required by the application.</span> <span title="Anche qui viene fornita una tabella con cinque modalità di calcolo e si computa quante di queste modalità sono utilizzate: 0 nessuna, 5 tutte.">Here, the technique provides a table with five kind of complexity. From table you can obtain values from 0 nocomplexuty to 5 high complexity.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Riusabilità."><i>Reusability</i>.</span> <span title="Grado di riusabilità del codice: 0 nessuna riusabilità, 5 l'applicazione è esplicitamente sviluppata per essere riutilizzata in altri contesti.">Degree of code reusability: reusability, 0 no, 5 is the application specifically developed to be reused in other contexts.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Installation ease."><i>Installation ease</i>.</span> <span title="Grado di complessità della installazione: 0 nessuna richiesta particolare, 5 l'installazione è richiesta; ci sono particolari requisiti da verificare e testare.">Degree of complexity of the installation: no special request 0, 5 installation is required, there are special requirements to be checked and tested.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Operational ease."><i>Operational ease</i>.</span> <span title="Grado di complessità richiesto per la manutenzione applicativa (back-up, start-up applicativo e riavvio dei sistemi, procedure di recovery ecc.): 0 nessuna specifica attività, 5 tutto automatizzato">Degree of complexity required for application maintenance (back-up, start-up and restart the application systems, recovery procedures, etc..): 0 no specific activity, 5 fully automated</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Multiple sites."><i>Multiple sites</i>.</span> <span title="Grado di distribuzione dell'applicazione: 0 stand-alone, 5 applicazione distribuita e utilizzata da più utenti di più organizzazioni, richiesta installazione su più ambienti e hardware.">Degree of deployment: 0 stand-alone, 5 distributed application used by multiple users and multiple organizations, multiple environments and required installation hardware.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="* Facilitate change."><i>Facilitate</i> <i>change</i>.</span> <span title="L'applicazione deve essere sviluppata per facilitare il cambiamento?">The application must be developed to facilitate change?</span> <span title="Si utilizza una tabella di cinque caratteristiche richieste per la gestione del cambiamento.">It uses a table of five characteristics required for the management of change.</span> <span title="0 indica nessuna delle caratteristiche, 5 tutte">0 indicates none of the features, all 5</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Al termine della valutazione delle caratteristiche precedenti può essere calcolato il valore aggiunto (VAF - Value) richiesto dall'applicazione nel seguente modo:">At the end of the previous assessment of the value added can be calculated (VAF - Value) required by the application as follows:</span></span><br />
<div style="color: black;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span title="VAF = 0.65 + somma(caratteristiche)/100">VAF = 0.65 + sum (characteristics) / 100</span></span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Infine il valore finale in function point del nostro sistema si calcola come">Finally, the final value in function points of our system is calculated as:</span></span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span title="FP = UAF * VAF">FP = UAF * VAF</span></span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Sintetizziamo i passi per calcolare i FP:">Let now review the steps to estimate FP:</span></span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Sintetizziamo i passi per calcolare i FP:"> </span><span title="1.">1.</span> <span title="Determinare tutti gli ILF, EIF, EO, EI, EQ">Determine all the ILF, EIF, EO, EI, EQ</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Determinare tutti gli ILF, EIF, EO, EI, EQ"> </span><span title="2.">2.</span> <span title="Determinare tutti RET, DET e FTR">Determine all RET, DET and FTR</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Determinare tutti RET, DET e FTR"> </span><span title="3.">3.</span> <span title="Associare RET, DET e FTR alle caratteristiche del punto 1">Associate RET, DET and FTR to the characteristics of point 1</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Associare RET, DET e FTR alle caratteristiche del punto 1"> </span><span title="4.">4.</span> Estimate<span title="Calcolare, in base alle tabelle precedenti, il livello di complessità di ogni ILF, EIF, EO, EI ed EQ nei termini Low, Avg, High">, based on the previous tables, the level of complexity of ILF, EIF, EO, EI and EQ in terms Low, Avg, High</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Calcolare, in base alle tabelle precedenti, il livello di complessità di ogni ILF, EIF, EO, EI ed EQ nei termini Low, Avg, High"> </span><span title="5.">5.</span> <span title="Calcolare gli UFP sommando tutti i valori ottenuti secondo la tabella di conversione complessità/function point">Estimate the PFU obtained by adding all the values in the table conversion complexity / function points</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Calcolare gli UFP sommando tutti i valori ottenuti secondo la tabella di conversione complessità/function point"> </span><span title="6.">6.</span> <span title="Calcolare il VAF">Calculate the VAF</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Calcolare il VAF"> </span><span title="7.">7.</span> Estimate<span title="Calcolare i function point FP = UFP * VAF"> function points <span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">FP = UFP * VAF</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Ottenuto il valore dei FP, si deve procedere con il calcolo dell'effort mediante l'applicazione di un indice di produttività.">Obtained the value of FP, you must proceed with the effort estimation by applying a productivity index.</span> <span title="Ad oggi esistono una serie di tabelle computate in base a dati storici che mostrano i valori delle ore/uomo necessarie a sviluppare un Function Point.">To date, there are a number of tables computed based on historical data show that the values of man / hours necessary to develop a Function Point.</span> <span title="Esiste un database generale di progetti ed effort mantenuto dal ISBSG (www.isbsg.org) ma in genere possiamo considerare per i progetti Java un indice di produttività pari a 0.9 FP al giorno/uomo per progetti medio/piccoli (max 350 FP) fino">There is a comprehensive database of projects and effort maintained by ISBSG (<i>www.isbsg.org</i>) but generally we can consider for Java projects a productivity index of 0.9 FP per man work/ day day for projects small / medium (up to 350 FP) until</span> <span title="a 0.5 F/P per progetti grandi (>2000 FP).">to 0.5 F / P for large projects (> 2000 FP).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><span title="Use Case Points">Use Case Points</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Un metodo di stima alternativa ai Function Point è basato sulla analisi dei casi d'uso del sistema che sono utilizzati principalmente dalla metodologia RUP (Rational Unified Process).">An alternative method for estimating the Function Point Analysis is based on the use case of the system that are mainly used by the methodology RUP (Rational Unified Process).</span> <span title="Il metodo deriva da un lavoro del 1997 da parte di Gustav Karner ([5]) e prevede essenzialmente il computo e la classificazione degli attori del sistema e dei relativi casi d'uso mediati attraverso una serie di fattori che rappresentano gli elementi">The method is derived from a 1997 work by Gustav Karner ([5]) and essentially provides the computation and classification of the actors in the system and its use cases mediated through a number of factors that represent the elements "environmental"</span> <span title="che influenzano il progetto di sviluppo.">that influence the development project.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Il primo passo è quello di calcolare gli Unadjusted Use Case Point, UUCP: si parte con il censire e valutare la complessità gli attori del sistema e degli use case secondo le tabelle che seguono:">The first step is to estimate the Unadjusted Use Case Points, UUCP: it starts with the survey and assess the complexity of the system actors and use cases according to the following tables:</span></span></div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="color: black;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top" width="98"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Complexity</b></span></td><td align="left" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top" width="234"><span style="font-size: small;">Definition</span></td><td align="left" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top" width="49"><span style="font-size: small;">Weight</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">SIMPLE</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">An actor is SIMPLE if it represents a complex external system, and communication is through the use of libraries or APIs (Application Programming Interface)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><sub>1</sub></span></div>
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<tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">AVERAGE</span></div>
</td><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top" width="234"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">Actor is AVERAGE if it interacts with:<br />
1. a communication protocol<br />
2. line terminal.</span></span></td><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;"><sub>2</sub></span></div>
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<tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">COMPLEX</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">Actor is COMPLEX if it interacts with the system using graphical interface.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><sub>3</sub></span></div>
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</tbody></table>
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Actors</div>
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<tr><td align="left" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="101"><b>Complexity</b></td><td align="left" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="241"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Definition</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Weight</b></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">SIMPLE</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">Use Case is SIMPLE if it is composed by 3 transactions and a maximum and can be achieved with less than 5 analysis objects.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><sub>5</sub></span></div>
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<tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">AVERAGE</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">Use Case is AVERAGE if it uses from 3 to 7 transactions and it can be achieved by using 5 to 10 </span><span lang="en">analysis objects</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><sub>10</sub></span></div>
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<tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">COMPLEX</span></div>
</td><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top" width="241"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en">Use Case is COMPLEX if it uses more than 10 transactions and can be achieved by using more than 10 </span><span lang="en">analysis objects</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><sub>15</sub></span></div>
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</tbody></table>
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Use Cases</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="UUCP si ottiene sommando per ogni attore e ogni use case il peso ottenuto:">UUCP is obtained by adding to each actor and each use case the weight:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span title="UUCP = somma(Ni*Wi)">UUCP = sum (Ni * Wi)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Dopo il calcolo degli UUCP si devono valutare i fattori che influenzano il progetto di sviluppo e precisamente i TCF, Technical Complexity Factor, e gli EF, Environmental Factor.">After the estimation of UUCP, model assesses factors that influence the development project, namely the TCF, the Technical Complexity Factor, and the EF, the Environmental Factor.</span> <span title="I TCF rappresentano i fattori tecnici che possono influenzare lo sviluppo del sistema, essi sono 13 e hanno pesi definiti e precisamente:">The TCF are the technical factors that may influence the development of the system, they are 13 and weights are defined, namely:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Fi</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Technical Factors</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Wi</span></div>
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<tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="27"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">F <sub>1</sub></span></div>
</td><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="198"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">Distributed systems.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">2</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">F <sub>2</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Application performance objectives, in either response or throughput.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">1</span></div>
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<tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="27"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">F <sub>3</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">End user efficiency (on-line).</span></div>
</td><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="34"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">1</span></div>
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<tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="27"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">F <sub>4</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Complex internal processing.</span></div>
</td><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="34"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">1</span></div>
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<tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="27"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">F <sub>5</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Reusability, the code must be able to reuse in other applications.</span></div>
</td><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="34"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">1</span></div>
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<tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="27"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">F <sub>6</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Installation ease.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">0.5</span></div>
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<tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="27"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">F <sub>7</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Operational ease, usability.</span></div>
</td><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="34"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">0.5</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">F <sub>8</sub></span></div>
</td><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="198"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">Portability.</span></div>
</td><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="34"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">2</span></div>
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<tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="27"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">F <sub>9</sub></span></div>
</td><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="198"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">Changeability.</span></div>
</td><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="34"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">1</span></div>
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<tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="27"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">F <sub>10</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Concurrency.</span></div>
</td><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="34"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">1</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">F <sub>11</sub></span></div>
</td><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="198"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">Special security features.</span></div>
</td><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="34"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">1</span></div>
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<tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="27"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">F <sub>12</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Provide direct access for third parties</span></div>
</td><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="34"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">1</span></div>
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<tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="27"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">F <sub>13</sub></span></div>
</td><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="198"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">Special user training facilities</span></div>
</td><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="34"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">1</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They are assigned a value from 0 to 5: 0 no influence or importance, 5 maximum influence (or importance) on the project.<br />
<br />
TCF is calculated as follow:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"> TCF = 0.6 + sum (Wi * Fi) / 100</span><br />
<br />
The <i>Environmental Factor (EF)</i> help to estimate the efficiency of the project and consider the following features:</span></span> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;" title="(*) Siccome il contesto in cui è possibile applicare gli use case è più ampio rispetto all'uso della metodologia Objectory, è possibile sostituire il fattore F1 con"><br />
</span></span></div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="color: black;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="23"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> F<sub>j</sub></span></div>
</td><td align="left" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="206"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Environmental Factors</span></td><td align="left" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="33"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Weight (Wj)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">F <sub>1</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Familiarity with Objectory (*)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1.5</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="23"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">F <sub>2</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Part time workers</span></div>
</td><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="33"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">-1</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">F <sub>3</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Analyst capability</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">0.5</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">F <sub>4</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Application experience</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">0.5</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">F <sub>5</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Object oriented experience</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">F <sub>6</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Motivation</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1</span></div>
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<tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="23"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">F <sub>7</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Difficult programming language</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">-1</span></div>
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<tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(1, 1, 1);" valign="top" width="23"><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">F <sub>8</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Stable requirements</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;" title="(*) Siccome il contesto in cui è possibile applicare gli use case è più ampio rispetto all'uso della metodologia Objectory, è possibile sostituire il fattore F1 con">(*) As the context in which you can apply the use case is broader than the use of the methodology Objectory, you can replace the factor F1 with "Familiarity with the methodology adopted."</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span title="EF = 1.4 - 0.03 * somma(Fi * Wi)">EF = 1.4 - 0.03 * sum (Wi * Fi)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Dove ad Fi possiamo assegnare valori da 0 a 5: 0 irrilevante, 5 essenziale">Where to fi we can assign values from 0 to 5: 0 irrelevant, 5 essential</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;" title="Infine possiamo calcolare gli UCP nel seguente modo:">Finally we can estimate the UCP as follows:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span title="UCP = UUCP * TCF * EF.">UCP = UUCP * TCF * EF.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;" title="Nel suo articolo originale Kerner effettua una valutazione dell'effort necessario a sviluppare uno UCP, mediante l'analisi di tre progetti differenti ottenendo un range che va da 20 ore uomo a 28 ore uomo per lo sviluppo di uno UCP.">In his original paper Kerner estimates the effort need to develop a UCP, through the analysis of three projects obtaining a a range from 20 hours to 28 man hours for the development of a single UCP.</span> <span title="In un lavoro successivo Ribu ([6]) riporta che il range dell'effort può variare da 15 a 30 ore per UCP mentre Shneider e Winters propongono di adottare l'applicazione parametrica dell'effort contandpo il numero di caratteristiche superiori al valore 3 e">In a later work Ribu ([6]) showed that the range dell'effort can vary from 15 to 30 hours for UCP and Schneider and Winters propose to adopt a parametric effort computing the number of features exceeding the value 3 and</span> <span title="applicare il valore 20 o 28 (v. [7]).">apply the value 20 or 28 (see [7]).</span> The technique<span style="background-color: white;" title="Il consiglio, come anche per i Function Point è di dotarsi di dati storici per la propria azienda in quanto ogni team di sviluppo e ogni azienda avrà i suoi indici di produttività per cui solo nel tempo, mediante l'analisi a posteriori dell'effort impiegato"> for estimating effort, as well as for Function Point, is to acquire historical data from the organization by some mean of project repository that must be update by post analysis activites at the end of the project. If you haven't some kind of statistics you can</span><span title="Per iniziare è possibile applicare la regola di Shnider per cui si può utilizzare il valore 20 per progetti semplici e il valore 28 per progetti molto complessi."> get started by applying the Shnider rule for which you can use the value 20 for simple projects and the value 28 for very complex projects.</span></span></div>
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Update: now you can <a href="http://thoughtoogle-en.blogspot.com/2011/09/software-estimation-tools-download.html">download</a> a tool I created for helping in software estimation.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><span title="BIBLIOGRAFIA">REFERENCES</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="[Buona parte di questo post prened le informazioni dal buon libro di Shivprasad Koirala: How to Prepare Quotation for Software, Draft 1.0.">Much of this information by post prened Shivprasad Koirala good book: </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="[Buona parte di questo post prened le informazioni dal buon libro di Shivprasad Koirala: How to Prepare Quotation for Software, Draft 1.0."><i>How to Prepare Quotation for Software, Draft 1.0</i>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="http://k.1asphost.com/UseCasePoints/UseCasePoints.pdf"><a href="http://k.1asphost.com/UseCasePoints/UseCasePoints.pdf" title="How to prepare software quotation">http://k.1asphost.com/UseCasePoints/UseCasePoints.pdf</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span title="Per i modelli COCOMO si veda:">For COCOMO models see:</span></span></div>
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[1]. <a href="http://greenbay.usc.edu/csci577/fall2005/projects/team23/LCA/Team23_COCOMOII-SourceLinesOfCodeDefinitionsV1.0.pdf" title="COCOMO II">http://greenbay.usc.edu/csci577/fall2005/projects/team23/LCA/Team23_COCOMOII-SourceLinesOfCodeDefinitionsV1.0.pdf</a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span title="[2].">[2].</span> <span style="background-color: white;" title="Software engineering economics.">Software engineering economics.</span> <span title="Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall, 1981.">Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981.</span> <span title="Barry Boehm.">Barry Boehm.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span title="[3].">[3].</span> <span title="COCOMO II Model Definition Manual.">COCOMO II Model Definition Manual.</span> <span title="Jongmoon Baik.">Jongmoon Baik.</span> <span style="background-color: white;" title="http://www.dicyt.gub.uy/pdt/files/6.2.1_-_cocomo_model.pdf"><a href="http://www.dicyt.gub.uy/pdt/files/6.2.1_-_cocomo_model.pdf" title="COCOMO II Manual">http://www.dicyt.gub.uy/pdt/files/6.2.1_-_cocomo_model.pdf</a></span><span title="[4]."> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span title="[4].">Function Points </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span title="[4].">[4].</span> <span title="Function Point Counting Practices Manual.">Function Point Counting Practices Manual.</span> <span title="The International Function Point User Group">The International Function Point User Group</span><span title="[5]."> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span title="[5].">[5].</span> <span style="background-color: white;" title="Karner Gustav.">Gustav Karner.</span> <span title="Resource Estimation for Objectory Projects.">Resource Estimation for Objectory Projects.</span> <span title="1993.">1993.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span title="[6].">[6].</span> <span title="Ribu, Kirsten.">Ribu, Kirsten.</span> <span title="2001.">2001.</span> <span style="background-color: white;" title="Estimating Object-Oriented Software Projects with Use Cases.">Estimating Object-Oriented Software Projects with Use Cases.</span> <span title="Master of Science Thesis, University of Oslo, Department of Informatics.">Master of Science Thesis, University of Oslo, Department of Informatics.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span title="Master of Science Thesis, University of Oslo, Department of Informatics.">Use Case Point </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span title="[7].">[7].</span> <span title="Schneider, Geri and Jason P.">Schneider, Geri and Jason P.</span> <span title="Winters.">Winters.</span> <span title="1998.">1998.</span> <span style="background-color: white;" title="Applying Use Cases: A Practical Guide.">Applying Use Cases: A Practical Guide.</span> <span title="Addison Wesley.">Addison Wesley.</span><span title="[8]."> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span title="[8].">[8].</span> <span style="background-color: white;" title="Un'ottima sintesi degli UCP la potete trovare nell'articolo">An excellent summary of the UCP can be found in "Estimating With Use Case Points," Mike Cohn.</span><span title="[9]."> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span title="[9].">[9].</span> <span style="background-color: white;" title="Un articolo e una discussione sulla produttività degli UCP la si trova nell'articolo di Gianfranco Lanza">An article and a discussion on the productivity of the UCP is in the article by Gianfranco Lanza "Function Point: How to Transform Them in the effort? This is the problem!"</span></span></div>
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